REXROTH液壓換向閥4WP6D60/N R900755395,德國力士樂液壓換向閥,購買進口液壓、氣動、自動化控制工業配件,
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換向閥是液壓系統中必不可少的方向控制閥,其合理選擇與應用是保證液壓系統正常工作的關鍵。
合理選用三位換向閥的中位機能
三位換向閥中位機能要與液控單向閥匹配
液控單向閥因其良好的單向密封性而廣泛應用于平衡、保壓、鎖緊等回路中,為了保證液控單向閥能夠良好地鎖定,一般采用H型或Y型中位機能的三位換向閥和液控單向閥配合使用。但現場上常出現0型或M型機能換向閥的情況,其鎖定性能當然不會很好。
1.2選用卸荷式中位機能電液換向閥要考慮控制壓力的建立
電液換向閥由電磁換向閥和液動換向閥組成,其中電磁換向閥起先導作用,即用來改變液動換向閥控制壓力油的方向;液動換向閥作為主閥,其工作位置由電磁換向閥的工作位置相應確定。電液換向閥根據控制油和回油方式分為:內控內泄式、內控外泄式、外控內泄式、外控外泄式四種。對于外控式閥,由于控制油是從電液換向閥之外的油路單獨引入的,在使用時,無論內泄還是外泄,均不存在什么問題。對以內控方式供油的電液動換向閥,由于先導閥的供液口與主閥的P口是溝通的,若在中間位置是使泵卸荷的狀態,如M、H、K等中位機能,在中位時主油路不能為控制油路提供主閥芯換向所必須的控制壓力,因此不宜采取這種具有中位卸荷機能的內控式電液換向閥。如果要采取這種形式,在應用時一定注意配以預控壓力閥,使在卸荷狀態仍然具有一定的控制油壓,足以操縱主閥芯換向,否則不能正常工作,即先導閥換向而主閥不能換向。
2、換向閥過渡狀態機能要與系統匹配
換向閥閥芯相對于閥體的工作位置決定了其相應的左位機能、右位機能和中位機能(對于三位閥)。閥芯由一個工作位置向另一個工作位置切換的過程中,還存在著過渡位置,而過渡狀態機能往往容易被忽視而引發許多故障。
3、充分利用換向閥的設計功能
在選擇換向閥時,應盡量減少換向閥的“位’與“通”從而減少系統的復雜性,并降低制造成本,符合技術經濟的要求。在液壓系統中,由于換向閥閥芯的運動間隙較小,而液壓油中存在的污染物易造成換向閥堵塞或卡死,且液壓系統中出現故障不易檢查,如選擇的換向閥存在多余的“位”與“通”,就會增加發生事故的幾率,增加故障查找的難度。
4、避免換向閥動作不同步
液壓系統中經常有多個電磁換向閥控制同一個液壓缸的情況,對二位或三位電磁換向閥來說,存在因換向時間不等而帶來的故障。
5、工作壓力和通流量是確定換向閥規格選擇的依據
換向閥的規格應依據工作壓力和通流量來選擇而實際選用中卻經常會出現按油泵供油量Q來選擇的情況致使通過換向閥的實際流量遠大于該閥的額定流量引起系統故障
6、選用換向閥時不能只注意其位數和通路數滿足系統工作原理的要求更要考慮中位機能過渡位機能這樣一些結構方面的因素以及換向閥的規格多,換向閥動作的相互協調系統的簡化及制造成本等問題否則就會顧此失彼使液壓 系統不能正常工作,甚至出現事故。
REXROTH液壓換向閥4WP6D60/N R900755395
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液壓傳動是一種可達到傳遞動力、增加動力、改變速比等目的的傳動方式。液壓傳動是以液體為工作介質,靠處于密閉容器內的液體靜壓力來傳遞力的傳動方式,靜壓力的大小取決于負載,而負載速度的傳遞是按液體容積變化相等的原則進行的,其速度大小取決于流量;如果忽略損失,液壓傳動所傳遞的力與速度無關。
液壓傳動相比其他傳統傳動方式優勢較為明顯:1)功率重量比大,能以較輕的設備重量取得更大的力和轉矩;2)慣性小,啟動、制動迅速;3)無級調速,調速范圍大,低速性能好;4)高響應速度;5)高負載剛度;6)可控性好,易于實現自動化,液壓元件位臵可以根據設備需要進行調整。
液壓傳動已成為現代機械裝備與機電產品的重要基礎技術,在工業機械領域有著極為廣泛的應用。液壓系統的應用領域包括:工業生產(鍛壓機械、注塑機、機床、加工中心、機器人、礦山機械、包裝機械等)、行走機械(工程機械、建筑機械、農業機械、汽車等)、航空航天、艦船(船舶及艦艇甲板機械、操作及控制系統)、海洋工程(海洋開發平臺、海底鉆探、水下作業等)。以國外為例,約95%的工程機械、90%的數控加工中心、95%的自動化生產線均采用液壓傳動。此外,根據工業機械設備使用的液壓系統壓力條件不同,可按其額定壓力分為低壓系統(<6.3MPa)、中壓系統(6.3-10MPa)、中高壓系統(10-20MPa)和高壓系統(>20MPa)。
液壓系統主要由5個部分組成,泵、閥、油缸、馬達為核心元件。典型的液壓系統由動力元件(主要是液壓泵)、控制元件(主要是液壓閥)、執行元件(包括液壓油缸、液壓馬達)、輔助元件(包括油箱、過濾器、蓄能器、熱交換器)、工作介質(包括礦物油、乳化液、液壓油等)5個部分組成,其中泵、閥、油缸、馬達的技術難度大、產品附加值高、價值占比較高,是液壓系統的核心元件。
液壓泵:主要有柱塞泵、齒輪泵、葉片泵和螺桿泵。其中,柱塞泵、葉片泵屬于高壓泵,齒輪泵屬于低壓泵。以柱塞泵為例,其密封工作腔構件為圓柱形的柱塞和缸體,容易得到較高的配合精度,特點是泄漏量小,容積效率高,可以在高壓下工作;由于柱塞泵壓力高、結構緊湊、效率高、流量調節方便,故在需要高壓、大流量、大功率的系統中和流量需要調節的場合,如工程機械、礦山冶金機械、船舶、重型刨床及液壓機等設備上廣泛應用。
液壓閥:主要分為方向閥、流量閥、壓力閥。方向閥用于控制系統中的油流方向,包括換向閥、單向閥等;流量控制閥,用于控制液壓系統中油的流量,包括節流閥、調速閥等;壓力控制閥,用于控制系統中的油壓,包括溢流閥、減壓閥、順序閥等;上述三類閥可組成各種復合閥。
液壓油缸:液壓缸由缸體、可移動的活塞和連接活塞的活塞桿組成,缸體兩端用端蓋進行封閉,端蓋可采用螺紋、卡圈、拉桿或焊接等方式與缸體連接;分為雙作用式、單作用式、伸縮式。
液壓馬達:分為單向、雙向液壓馬達,也分為定量馬達與變量馬達。
液壓件的批量穩定生產需要企業具有多學科、全方面的技術實力和較為雄厚的資金實力。液壓件為精密制造產品,生產工藝復雜、流程工序多、管理難度大,涉及材料力學、機械設計、金屬材料、金屬工藝學、熱處理技術、自動化控制技術等多個學科,需要企業具備較高的研發測試水平、生產工藝控制和過程控制能力,才能大批量生產,并保證產品的質量穩定性。另一方面,液壓產品的生產需要前期大規模的固定資產投入,特別是精密加工設備、熱處理設備、高壓液壓件的鑄件生產設備、檢測設備等,且大量精密生產設備依賴進口,對企業有較高的資金要求。
液壓件制造主要分為鑄件生產、機械加工和裝配測試三大環節:1)精密鑄件的鑄造工序:砂處理、制芯→造型→合箱→熔化→澆注→落砂→去冒口→拋丸→打磨→熱處理→拋丸等;2)鑄件、鍛件、棒材的加工工序:粗機械加工→熱處理→精機械加工→去毛刺→清洗→防銹等;3)使用標準件及調節元件對液壓元件進行組裝成品工序:清洗→裝配→測試→清洗→噴涂等。
精密鑄件是液壓元件生產的基礎和關鍵,每個環節均需投入大量的自動化加工設備。鑄造工藝落后則無法實現合格鑄件的批量生產,沒有合格的鑄件就沒有高質量的液壓件,高質量的鑄件生產對設計、鑄造工藝、原材料、精密加工設備提出了嚴苛的要求。
液壓系統的組成及其作用
一個完整的液壓系統由五個部分組成,即動力元件、執行元件、控制元件、輔助元件(附件)和液壓油。
動力元件的作用是將原動機的機械能轉換成液體的壓力能,指液壓系統中的油泵,它向整個液壓系統提供動力。液壓泵的結構形式一般有齒輪泵、葉片泵和柱塞泵。
執行元件(如液壓缸和液壓馬達)的作用是將液體的壓力能轉換為機械能,驅動負載作直線往復運動或回轉運動。
控制元件(即各種液壓閥)在液壓系統中控制和調節液體的壓力、流量和方向。根據控制功能的不同,液壓閥可分為村力控制閥、流量控制閥和方向控制閥。壓力控制閥又分為益流閥(安全閥)、減壓閥、順序閥、壓力繼電器等;流量控制閥包括節流閥、調整閥、分流集流閥等;方向控制閥包括單向閥、液控單向閥、梭閥、換向閥等。根據控制方式不同,液壓閥可分為開關式控制閥、定值控制閥和比例控制閥。
輔助元件包括油箱、濾油器、油管及管接頭、密封圈、快換接頭、高壓球閥、膠管總成、測壓接頭、壓力表、油位油溫計等。
液壓油是液壓系統中傳遞能量的工作介質,有各種礦物油、乳化液和合成型液壓油等幾大類。