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柱塞泵分為軸向柱塞泵和徑向柱塞泵兩種代表性的結構形式;由于徑向柱塞泵屬于一種新型的技術含量比較高的高效泵,隨著國產化的不斷加快，徑向柱塞泵必然會成為柱塞泵應用領域的重要組成部分。
柱塞泵是往復泵的一種，屬于體積泵 ,其柱塞靠泵軸的偏心轉動驅動往復運動,其吸入和排出閥都是單向閥。當柱塞外拉時，工作室內壓力降低，出口閥關閉,低于進口壓力時,進口閥打開,液體進入;柱塞內推時,工作室壓力升高,進口閥關閉,高于出口壓力時,出口閥打開,液體排出。
內帶滑靴結構的軸向柱塞泵是目前使用*廣泛的軸向柱塞泵,安放在缸體中的柱塞通過滑靴與斜盤相接觸,當傳動軸帶動缸體旋轉時,斜盤將柱塞從缸體中拉出或推回,完成吸排油過程。柱塞與缸孔組成的工作容腔中的油液通過配油盤分別與泵的吸、排油腔相通。變量機構用來改變斜盤的傾角,通過調節(jié)斜盤的傾角可改變泵的排量。

液壓傳動系統(tǒng)的組成
1、液壓動力原件
將動力裝置的機械能轉換成為液壓能的裝置，其作用是為液壓傳動系統(tǒng)提供壓力油,是液壓傳動系統(tǒng)的動力源。例如液壓泵。
1.1液壓泵
液壓泵是液壓系統(tǒng)的動力元件，其作用是將原動機的機械能轉換成液體的壓力能,指液壓系統(tǒng)中的油泵，它向整個液壓系統(tǒng)提供動力。液壓泵的結構形式一般有齒輪泵、葉片泵和柱塞泵。
1.2齒輪泵
齒輪泵即依靠密封在個殼體中的兩個或兩個以上齒輪,在相互嚙合過程中所產生的工作空間容積變化來輸送液體的泵。齒輪泵的概念是很簡單的，即它的基本形式就是兩個尺寸相同的齒輪在一個緊密配合的殼體內相互嚙合旋轉，這個殼體的內部類似“8”字形，兩個齒輪裝在里面,齒輪的外徑及兩側與殼體緊密配合。來自于擠出機的物料在吸入口進入兩個齒輪中間，并充滿這一空間，隨著齒的旋轉沿殼體運動，后在兩齒嚙合時排出。困油現象齒輪泵要平穩(wěn)工作，齒輪嚙合的重合度必須大于1, 于是總有兩對齒輪同時嚙合, :并有一部分油液被圍困在兩對輪齒所圍成的封閉容腔之間。這個封閉的容腔開始隨著
齒輪的轉動逐漸減小，以后又逐漸加大。封閉腔容積的減小會使被困油液受擠壓而產生很高的壓力，并且從縫隙中擠出，導致油液發(fā)熱，并致使機件受到額外的負載，而封閉腔容積的增大又造成局部真空，使油液中溶解的氣體分離，產生氣穴現象。這些都將產生強烈的振動和噪音，這就是齒輪泵的困意現象。
危害：徑向不平衡力很大時能使軸彎曲，齒頂與殼體接觸，同時加速軸承的磨損，降低軸承的壽命。
消除困油現象方法:通常是在兩側蓋板上開卸荷槽，使封閉腔容積誠小時通過左邊的卸荷槽與壓油腔相通，容積增大時通過右邊的卸荷槽與吸油腔相通。
1.3葉片泵
葉片泵即通過葉輪的旋轉，將動力機的機械能轉換為水能(勢能、動能、壓能)的水力機械。
葉片泵轉子旋轉時，葉片在離心力和壓力油的作用下，尖部緊貼在定子內表面上。這樣兩個葉片與轉子和定子內表面所構成的工作容積，先由小到大吸油后再由大到小排油，葉片旋轉一周時，完成兩次吸油與排油。
1.4柱塞泵
柱塞泵即利用柱塞在泵缸體內往復運動，使柱塞與泵壁間形成容積改變，反復吸入和排;出液體并增高其壓力的泵。
柱塞泵是液壓系統(tǒng)的一個重要裝置。它依靠柱塞在缸體中往復運動，使密封工作容腔的容積發(fā)生變化來實現吸油、壓油。柱塞泵具有額定壓力高、結構緊湊、效率高和流量調節(jié)方便等優(yōu)點，被廣泛應用于高壓、大流量和流量需要調節(jié)的場合，諸如液壓機、工程機械和船舶中。
REXROTH柱塞馬達A2FO63/61R-VBB05
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鍛壓機械是指在鍛壓加工中用于成形和分離的機械設備。鍛壓機械包括成形用的鍛錘、機械壓力機、液壓機、螺旋壓力機和平鍛機，以及開卷機、矯正機、剪切機、鍛造操作機等輔助機械。鍛壓機械主要用于金屬成形，所以又稱為金屬成形機床。鍛壓機械是通過對金屬施加壓力使之成形的，力大是其基本特點，故多為重型設備，設備上多設有安全防護裝置，以保障設備和人身安全。
鍛壓機械主要包括各種鍛錘、各種壓力機和其他輔助機械。
鍛錘，由重錘落下或強迫高速運動產生的動能對坯料做功，使之塑性變形的機械。鍛錘是常見、歷史悠久的鍛壓機械。它結構簡單,工作靈活,功能性強、使用面廣、易于維修，適用于自由鍛和模鍛。但震動較大，較難實現自動化生產。
鍛錘的工作原理
鍛錘靠高壓氣體突然釋放的能量驅動上，下錘頭高速運動，懸空對擊，是金屬塑性成形的鍛造方法。高速錘鍛造是一種高能率成形方法，主要用于精密模鍛和熱擠壓。
瞬間釋放的高壓氣體(壓力一般為15000兆帕，迫使錘頭向下作9～24米/秒的高速運動，同時也向上推動高壓氣缸的缸蓋，并帶動整個機架向上運動。錘頭上的上模與機架上的下模在空中對擊工件，使之塑性變形。機架的質量遠大于錘體，所以移動速度慢，行程小，便于操作。錘擊后，安裝在機架內的回程桿將錘頭推回原處。機架放置于外支架的緩沖墊上。這類設備初只能一次單擊，后來研制出可以連擊的﹑內燃式的高速錘。高速錘鍛造，存在明顯的變形慣性力和變形熱效應，控制得當可以提高金屬的塑性，改善金屬在模具中的流動充填性能，利用模鍛可成形薄壁﹑高肋的復雜形狀鍛件。高速錘鍛造多用于葉片﹑齒輪等零件的精鍛和擠壓。

力士樂REXROTH液壓元件應用行業(yè)：注塑機、吹塑機、橡膠和發(fā)泡機、陶瓷壓機、同步折彎機(折板機),、剪板機(剪床）、沖切/步沖、金屬壓力機、彎曲/鋸床、機床、食品機械、皮革/鞋機、木材/造紙機械、鋼鐵業(yè)/鑄造、壓鑄機/擠壓機、電廠、生態(tài)能源（風能-水力-太陽能）設備、油和天然氣工業(yè)設備、混凝土泵、路機、鉆井/開采設備、起重機、升降機/叉車、推土機、道路，隧道，水壩工程設備、壓縮機、街道維修設備、模擬器/娛樂設備、卡車、鐵路工程設備、航空工業(yè)設備、船舶/航海工業(yè)設備、打谷機/噴灑機、拖拉機/收割機。 一、液壓泵的基本工作原理
單柱塞泵的工作原理。凸輪由電動機帶動旋轉。當凸輪推動柱塞向上運動時，柱塞和缸體形成的密封體積減小，油液從密封體積中擠出，經單向閥排到需要的地方去。當凸輪旋轉至曲線的下降部位時，彈簧迫使柱塞向回下，形成一定真空度，油箱中的油液在大氣壓力的
作用下進入密封容積。凸輪使柱塞不斷地升降，密封容積周期性地減小和增大，泵就不斷吸油和排油。
容積式液壓泵的共同工作原理如下:
(1)容積式泵必定有一一個或若干個周期變化的密封容積。密封容積變小使油液被擠出，密封容積變大時形成一定真空度，油液通過吸油管被吸入。密封容積的變換量以及變化頻率決定泵的流量。
( 2)合適的配流裝置。不同形式泵的配流裝置雖然結構形式不同，但所起作用相同，并且在容積式泵中是必不可少的。容積式泵排油的壓力決定于排油管道中油液所受到的負載。

二、液壓泵的主要性能參數
1、壓力
工作壓力是指泵的輸出壓力，其數值決定于外負載。如果負載是串聯的，泵的工作壓力是這些負載壓力之和;如果負載是并聯的，則泵的工作壓力決定于并聯負載中小的負載壓力。
額定壓力是指根據實驗結果而推薦的可連續(xù)使用的高壓力，他反映了泵的能力(一般為泵銘
牌上所標的壓力)。在額定壓力下運行時，泵有足夠的流量輸出，并且能保證較高的效率和壽命。
高壓力比額定壓力稍高，可看作是泵的能力極限。一-般不希望泵長期在高壓力下運行。
2、排量和流量
排量q指在無泄漏情況下，液壓泵轉- ~轉所能排出的油液體積。可見，排量的大小只與液壓泵中密封工作容腔的幾何尺寸和個數有關。排量的常用單位是(ml/r) 。
單柱塞泵:q=πd2H/4
理論流量Q指在無泄漏情況下， 液壓泵單位時間內輸出的油液體積。其值等于泵的排量V和泵軸轉數n的乘積，即:QT=qn=πd2Hn/4
實際流量Q指單位時間內液壓泵實際輸出油液體積。由于工作過程中泵的出 口壓力不等于零，因而存在內部泄漏量0Q (泵的工作壓力越高，泄漏量越大)，使得泵的實際流量小于泵的理論流量，即Q=QT-AQ
泵的實際流量和理論流量之比稱為容積效率ηpv=Q/Qn=(Qr~OQ)/Qr =1-0Q/Qr且Q=Qr*Npv
3、功率、機械效率和總效率
輸入功率P;驅動液壓泵的機械功率,由電動機或柴油機給出P; =2πnMr
輸出功率Po液壓泵輸出的液壓功率,
P.=pQr
根據能量守恒，有pQ_=2πM~n將Q.=qn,消去n得M~=pq/2π
實際_上，由于泵內有各種機械和液壓摩擦損失,泵的實際輸入轉矩應大于理論轉矩
力士樂REXROTH軸向柱塞泵
力士樂REXROTH軸向活塞固定泵A2FO 6X系列
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R902230049 A2FO125/61R-VBB05*GO2EU*
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液壓泵控制系統(tǒng)
力士樂挖掘機液壓泵控制系統(tǒng)有不同的配置,具有不同的控制功能。
恒功率閥和杠桿式恒功率裝置
恒功率閥是二位三通閥。在彈簧力作用下，恒功率閥處于右位,下油缸壓力油通過恒功率閥回油，在上油缸腔內油壓和彈簧作用下油泵向大流量方向擺動。油泵壓力油通過上油缸腔作用在頂桿上，頂桿頂推杠桿使杠桿繞支點擺動，推動A閥向右移動，使恒功率閥處于左位，油泵壓力油通過恒功率閥經閥進入下油缸，推動其活塞桿，克服上油缸液壓力并壓縮彈簧使油泵向小流量方向擺動。同時由于上油缸活塞桿右移，頂.桿頂推杠桿的力臂減小，使杠桿推A閥的力下降，直至與A閥彈簧力相等，油泵擺角處于新的平衡位置。

這種恒功率裝置通過杠桿機構來實現，只要杠桿系統(tǒng)設計得好，就能實現很理想的恒功率曲線。
油泵流量調節(jié)閥為二位三通閥，閥的左端受泵的出口油壓Pp作用，閥的右端受多路閥負載敏感腔的油壓PLmax和彈簀力FS2作用，此閥的作用是設定系統(tǒng)的補償壓力。流量調節(jié)閥的作用是使系統(tǒng)壓差OP ( P -PLmax) 保持定值。OP由設計確定稱為系統(tǒng)的補償壓差，是系統(tǒng)各操縱閥的進口壓加P與出口壓力Pm ( = PLmax) 之差，各操縱閥在保持補償壓差一定條件下，通過改變閥桿的開口面積來控制去各液壓作用元件的流量。系統(tǒng)通過油泵流量調節(jié)，按司機操縱閥桿的開度大小，提供所需流量，而且只供給比負載稍高一點(△P)的油壓。避免了系統(tǒng)的流量損失和過大的壓力損失。當彈簧力和閥的受壓面積在設計時取定后，LRS 油泵控制系統(tǒng)是不變的，因此恒功率閥設定功率是不變的。油泵流量調節(jié)閥設定的補償壓力也是不變的，雖然可以停機通過調整彈簧來改變功率設定和補償壓力設定，但顯然是不方便和不理想的，但實際挖掘機工作中需要改變功率和改變補償壓力，這是LRS 系統(tǒng)的不足之處。

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